Publications

Scientific publications

Khairy, Wael & Bakr, Mohamed & Abdel Ghany, Mohamed. (2021). Sustainable Management of Treated Wastewater, the New El-Mahsama Wastewater Treatment Plant in Sinai. 804-814. 10.47277/JETT/9(4)814.

Khairy, Wael. (2022). The National and International Water Policies With Focus On The Drainage Water Reuse Practices And The Mega Water Projects. International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH. 10. 42-68. 10.29121/granthaalayah.v10.i9.2022.4754.

Pereira, Dina & Carlos, Joao & Leitão, João Carlos & Gaspar, Pedro & Fael, Cristina & Falorca, Isabel & Khairy, Wael & Wahid, Nadya & El Yousfi, Hicham & Bouazzama, Bassou & Siering, Jan & Hansmann, Harald & Zascerinska, Jelena & Camilleri, Sarah & Busuttil, Francesca & Borg, Malcolm & Mizzi, Joseph & Micallef, Reno & Cutajar, Joseph. (2023). Exploring Irrigation and Water Supply Technologies for Smallholder Farmers in the Mediterranean Region.

Gomaa, S., Fleskens, L., Carvalho Nunes, J., and Badr, M. (2024). “An Integrated Modelling Approach to Support Sustainable Water Resources Management and Climate Change Adaptation for Irrigated Agriculture in the Nile Delta, Egypt.”, EGU General Assembly 2024, Vienna, Austria, 14–19 Apr 2024, EGU24-693, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu24-693, 2024.

Shaheen, Mohamed N.F.a; Abd Al-Daim, Sahar E.a; Ahmed, Nehal I.a; Khalifa, Mohamed K.b; Seif, Wael H.R.c; Ahmed, Shymaa S.c; Shemis, Mohamedd; Rehan, Ahmed H.e; Abdelgawad, Basmaf; Karim, Ali G. ALg; Khairy, Wael M.h. (2024). “Prevalence and molecular characterization of rotavirus strains circulating among children with gastroenteritis in Egypt.” Egyptian Pharmaceutical Journal 23(2):p 223-236, April-June 2024. | DOI: 10.4103/epj.epj_326_23

Magdy A. Salah El Deen and Wael M. Khairy, (2024). “Can Integrated Aquaculture-Agriculture Systems Contribute to Food Security in Egypt – A Review “, International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 1, No. 5. June 2024, Print ISSN: 3009-6898, Online ISSN: 3009-6790 DOI: 10.21608/ijhr.2024.277490.1004

Wahid, N., Khairy, W. & Krause, R. (2024). “Cost–benefit analysis on the implementation of nature-based treated wastewater reuse: case of SEKEM farm El-Wahat, Egypt.” Discov Water 4, 63 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43832-024-00121-w

Elshaikh, A., Abdo, G., Salih, A., Ladisa, G., Bogliotti, C., Sokrab, I., Barsi, M., and Mabrouki, J. (2025). Sustainable pathways: Best Practices for Enhancing Production While Managing the Water-Energy-Food Nexus in Circular economy Applications in Energy Policy, IGI Global Scientific Publishing Research Books, 2025 DOI: 10.4018/979-8-3693-6680-6.ch016

Sawassi, A.; Ladisa, G.; Scardigno, A.; Bogliotti, C. (2025). “Incorporating Stakeholders’ Preferences into a Decision-Making Framework for Planning Large-Scale Agricultural Best Management Practices’ Implementation in East Africa”. Agriculture 2025, 15, 1384. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15131384

Nassar, W.O, Hosny, R., Ghareeb, M. et al. (2025). “Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Contamination Hazardous using Water Quality Index and Physicochemical Analysis in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt.” Water Air Soil Pollut 236, 164 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-025-07789-3

Sayed, M., Elagroudy, S., Nassour, A. (2025). “Challenges And Solutions For Extended Producer Responsibility In Egypt”, Journal of Al-Azhar University Engineering Sector, vol 20, pp. 59-77, 2025. DOI: 10.21608/auej.2024.316649.1707

Rahma Sherif, et al. (2025). “Challenges and Solutions: The Irrigation Trickling Tower Treatment – A Case Study in SEKEM Farm Belbies, Egypt”, International Journal for Holistic Research, Vol. 2, No. 3. June 2025. DOI:10.21608/ijhr.2025.355328.1036

AA.VV. (2025). Sustainable Water Management and Irrigation Systems: Tackling Climate Change – Natural Resource Management and Policy, (2025), Publisher: Springer International Publishing AG, NRMP, volume 62, ISBN: 9783031935862, 406 pages, URL: https://link.springer.com/book/9783031935862, eBook ISNB: 978-3-031-93587-9 URL: https://www.waterstones.com/book/sustainable-water-management-and-irrigation-systems/jo-o-carlos-correia-leit-o/wael-khairy/9783031935862

Schillaci M., Centritto M. & Zampieri E. (2025). Biometric and molecular responses to water deficit in two contrasting Italian durum wheat cultivars. BMC Plant Biology 25:1332; https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-025-07319-7.

Elshaikh Ah., Abdo G., Salih A., Ladisa G. and Elsheikh E., (2026) Engaging Stakeholders: Best Management Practices for Transformative Change in Water-Energy-Food Nexus, H2Open Journal, (2026) doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.htopen.2026.100001

Other Publications

Ladisa G., Lecci S., Sawassi A., Bogliotti C., Bianco C., Tavassi J. (2026). From water and soil challenges to sustainable solutions in Africa. How WATDEV offers resilient solutions in North and East Africa. Valenzano: CIHEAM Bari. WATDEV project.

https://doi.org/10.48259/bc1963e

AA.VV., 2024. From the Selection of the Best Management Practices to the Identification of Scenarios – Sudan, printed in Bari, Italy.

AA.VV., 2024. From the Selection of the Best Management Practices to the Identification of Scenarios – Kenya, printed in Bari, Italy.

AA.VV., 2024. From the Selection of the Best Management Practices to the Identification of Scenarios – Egypt, printed in Bari, Italy.

AA.VV., 2024. From the Selection of the Best Management Practices to the Identification of Scenarios – Ethiopia, printed in Bari, Italy.

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Ude Kebele groundwater irrigation scheme under the Adaa Becho Groundwater Irrigation system (ABGIS) in the Awash Basin

It is a new intervention area with perspectives to be expanded. It is therefore envisaged that the lessons from other countries could be scaled out in this area.

Ada’a-Becho Groundwater Irrigation (ABGIS) is located in Ada’a Wereda some 50 km from Addis Ababa. The Adama road passes nearby the scheme and has no access limitation.  This scheme is part of Ada’a-Bacho Irrigation Development Project that comprises three conjugate Kebeles (i.e., Dhankaka, Ude and Qallitty) in Ada’a District of East Shawa Zone, Oromia Regional State.

The Ude Kebele Groundwater Irrigation Site is small, scheme selected to demonstrate groundwater irrigation practice demonstration sites as it is new irrigation development area will be a learning site for a medium scale community owned groundwater irrigation development in Ethiopia.

ABGIS landscape is one of the low reliefs that slopes gently north-west and south east wards. Apart from close to the hills virtually all slopes are nearly less than 3- 4%, with the majority of the slopes of 0-2%. 

The climatic variables of the project area are highly governed by the topography of the area (mainly altitude). The highland area lies at an altitude of over 2300 m asl and covers 17.5% of the project area. Mean annual temperature of this part of the project area ranges from 12.50C to 160C.

The major crops produced include Teff, chick pea, wheat, barley, vetch, and maize.  Few farmers also produce tomato and onion as cash crops. Crop production in the area is by and large rain-dependent. But in few farmers produce vegetables twice a year using pumped water from Mojo and Waddecha rivers.

The problems in ABGIS are connected with the limited experience in fruit crop production.

Koga Irrigation System (KIS) in the Abbay Basin

KIS is an established and relatively well performing irrigation scheme in Ethiopia. In here besides Irrigation water management, there are also success stories in watershed management.

Koga is located some 40 km from Bahri Dar town (Regional capital of Amhara Regional State. The  Bahir Dar –Addis Ababa highway passes through the scheme (Fig 2), hence the scheme is year round accessible.

Koga irrigation system comprises of 19.7 km of lined main canal, 52 km of lined secondary canals, 156 km of unlined tertiary canals, 905 km of unlined quaternary canals and 11 lined Night Storage Reservoirs (NSRs). The main canal was designed to provide irrigation water for 24 h during irrigation period.

There are 12 secondary canals designed for 12 h irrigation supply each covering an area of irrigated land ranging from 220 ha to over 1000 ha. Tertiary canals are designed for 12 h irrigation supply. The area irrigated by a tertiary canal range between 20 ha to 65 ha. The quaternary canals have a capacity of irrigating 8–16 ha of land while field canals will serve an area of 2.0 ha within the quaternary unit. The maximum field canal design capacity is 30 l/s.

KIS is the best performing among many community-managed irrigation schemes. Unlike other schemes this was designed and developed as an integrated watershed and irrigation development project.

Among the problems associated to the KIS are Seasonal water shortage and associated conflicts between Irrigation water user associations, low irrigation water application efficiency, catchment degradation. In order to increase water productivity in the KIS, water saving technologies will be promoted.

The Gezira irrigation scheme

The Gezira Scheme is located between the Blue Nile and the White Nile Rivers within a semi-arid agro-climatic zone. In terms of accessibility, it is easily accessible by Wad Medani road and the trip between Wad Medani, the capital of the Gezira State and headquarter of the scheme (Barakat), and Khartoum takes about three hours. The scheme is one of the largest irrigation schemes in the region with 880,000 hectares (ha). It is one of the main sources of foreign currency (cotton export), and food security (wheat, sorghum, vegetables) for Sudan. It has huge infrastructure with a value estimated at about US $ 8 billion. The scheme had played a vital role in the history of irrigation in Sudan and Africa and has become a model for many irrigation schemes in sub-Saharan Africa in terms of design and operation system. Therefore, any research aiming at improving water management in Gezira scheme is not only beneficial to the project, but also to similar projects at national and regional scale.  There are many challenges that the scheme face and urgent need to investigate Best Management Practices (BMPs) that  can overcome these challenges and enhance productivity. Some of these challenges are deterioration of irrigation infrastructure, inefficient water distribution within the scheme, agricultural drainage discharges directly in the Blue Nile without treatment impacting water quality, institutional weakness and instability.

Belbies district

Belbies district is located 20 km south of El Zagazig city between Long. 31o 24′ and 31o 39′ E and Lat. 30o 19′ and 30o 29′ N. It is bounded at the east by Abu Hammad, at the west by Minia El Kammh and in the south by the Tenth of Ramadan City districts.

As a part of the east Nile Delta, Belbies district constitutes a portion of an arid belt of north Egypt. It is characterized by a long dry summer and short temperate winter with a rainfall period from October to March. The climate is hot in summer; the average temperature is in the range of 19.7oC and 34.7oC, while during winter it ranges from 7.4oC and 18.4oC.

Due to intensive agricultural practice, which involves the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, many soils and shallow aquifers are contaminated. Consequently, pollution of groundwater has become a major concern in recent years. Wastewater disposed in canals can diffuse in groundwater. Overexploitation of groundwater and intensive irrigation in major canal commands has posed serious problems for groundwater managers in Nile Delta e.g. Sharkia governorate. The development of groundwater resources, technology-oriented management skills, adequate and efficient groundwater monitoring system, empowerment of women in unprivileged areas are among the challenges to be addressed. Indeed, water management projects are one of the priority topics in the political agenda of Egypt.